Students with different characteristics can fall into social isolation and academic downfall during their college years. Therefore, these students may not only be first-generation students. They may simply be low-income, shy, and/or socially introverted students. As well, students who struggled academically in high school would also face lower academic aspirations in college.
Paying for the Party by Armstrong and Hamilton offers research relating low-income students and downward mobility in college. Though some of the low-income women were first-generation students as well, others were not. So, are first-generation students less likely to succeed simply because they are for the most part, poor, or do they have characteristics found only in first-generation students? Are these first-generation students really that different from non-first-generation, low-income students? I am still continuing research on this argument, but there seems to be a focus on the fact that parents are unable to provide social and academic advice.
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